Lack of fusion

When two pieces of metal are welded together, they should melt and bond at the interface to create a strong joint. If the weld metal doesn't fully fuse with either the base metal or the previous weld layer, it can result in weak and unreliable joints. This is known as lack of fusion, and it occurs when there is insufficient melting and bonding. To avoid this problem, it's essential to properly prepare the joint and use the correct welding technique and parameters.

Porosity

Welding porosity refers to forming small air pockets or pores that weaken the weld. These pores occur when undesired gases get trapped within the molten weld puddle. To avoid porosity, it is crucial to maintain good gas shielding, ensure proper cleaning of the joint faces, and use correct welding parameters.

Lack of penetration

Lack of penetration in welding is a term used to describe a defect where the weld metal does not fully extend the joint thickness. This defect can weaken the joint and increase the risk of potential failure. To avoid this, it is important to adjust welding parameters and techniques to ensure complete weld penetration into the base metal.

Undercutting

Undercutting in welding is a defect that happens when a groove or depression runs along the toe of the weld. This occurs when the filler metal fails to properly fill the melted base material. As a result, the base of the weld joint has a concave shape. Unfortunately, this flaw reduces the welded joint's structural integrity, making it more prone to cracks and failures.

Crater cracks and crater pipes

Crater cracks occur when the weld pool cools down too quickly. These cracks make the weld weaker and more prone to failure. They usually spread outwards from the end of the weld crater. Crater pipes, on the other hand, are defects that appear at the end of a weld when the welding arc stops. They can be shallow depressions or elongated pores. Crater pipes form due to techniques like suddenly stopping the wire feed or using autogenous methods (such as TIG welding). Proper welding techniques and parameters, along with adding filler material at the end of the weld, can help prevent these types of cracks.

Slag inclusions

Slag inclusions are a frequent type of welding defect that arises when slag, a by-product of welding, gets stuck inside the weldment. This can cause a range of performance problems in the long run. To avoid this problem, cleaning thoroughly and using the appropriate welding technique is crucial.

Excessive penetration

Excessive penetration in welding refers to a situation when weld metal penetrates deeper into the base metal than intended. To manage the level of penetration, controlling the heat input and speed of welding is crucial. This phenomenon is particularly important in pipe welding, as it can impact fluid flow and cause erosion and corrosion issues.

Spatter

During the welding process, small droplets of molten metal can scatter from the weld pool and stick to various surfaces. This is called spatter, and it can negatively affect both the appearance and quality of the weld. The primary cause of spatter is an unstable welding arc. To reduce spatter, it's important to fine-tune the welding parameters and potentially adjust the gas flow or mixture. By effectively managing spatter, you can ensure that your welds are of high quality and visually appealing.

Linear misalignments (Mismatch)

Linear misalignment in welding is a defect that occurs when the edges of the weld joint are not aligned correctly in a straight line. This results in a deviation or offset along the length of the weld bead. To minimize this defect, it is important to use proper fixturing and alignment techniques and adhere to welding procedures.

Excessive fillet weld asymmetry

Excessive fillet weld asymmetry in welding occurs when the two legs of a fillet weld are not of equal length, leading to an uneven distribution of weld material. This imbalance can affect the structural integrity and strength of the welded joint. This asymmetry can compromise the weld's ability to withstand loads and stresses as intended, potentially leading to premature failure or deformation under operational conditions.

Furthermore, excessive fillet weld asymmetry refers to a condition where the fillet weld's shape deviates significantly from the desired idealized design. Fillet welds are commonly used to join two components at an angle of 90 degrees and are characterized by their triangular cross-section.

Excess weld metal (weld reinforcement)

Excess weld metal, also known as weld reinforcement, occurs when the volume of weld metal deposited in the joint exceeds what is necessary for the intended strength and contour of the weld. While some reinforcement is typically required to compensate for weld shrinkage and ensure the weld is strong enough, excessive weld metal goes beyond this, leading to a build-up that can affect the aesthetic and functional aspects of the weld. This surplus can lead to increased stress concentrations, unnecessary weight, and material wastage, as well as potential difficulties in meeting dimensional tolerances and can affect the performance in service by altering the stress distribution within the welded component. Managing the amount of weld metal is crucial for achieving an efficient, cost-effective, and structurally sound weld that meets the specified design and quality standards.

Cracks (e.g. hot cracking)

Cracks in welding, such as hot cracking, are one of the most severe defects that can occur during the welding process. These cracks occur when localized stresses exceed the ultimate tensile strength of the base metal. Stresses develop as the weld cools and solidifies. This type of cracking can be caused by many factors, including improper filler material selection, high levels of impurities in the base metal, excessive heat input, and rapid cooling rates. It is essential to understand the mechanisms behind hot cracking and follow proper welding practices to prevent this detrimental defect, which ensures the integrity and longevity of welded structures.